Large variations in manganese intakes appear to affect these concentrations somewhat. Some studies that measured serum or plasma manganese concentrations in apparently healthy adults have shown mean serum concentrations of 1.04 mcg/L and mean plasma concentrations of 1.28 mcg/L. ![]() Normal whole blood concentrations of manganese range from 4 to 15 mcg/L, but they are highly variable and their utility as a status indicator is unclear. Manganese status is difficult to assess and not routinely measured in clinical practice. More than 90% of absorbed manganese is excreted via bile into the feces, and a small amount is reabsorbed. The body maintains stable tissue manganese concentrations through regulatory control of manganese absorption and excretion. The liver, pancreas, kidney, and brain also contain manganese. The human body contains about 10 to 20 mg manganese, of which 25% to 40% is in bone. Manganese is taken up by the liver and other tissues, but the mechanism of this process is not well understood. After absorption, some manganese remains free, but most is bound to transferrin, albumin, and plasma alpha-2-macroglobulin. Manganese is absorbed in the small intestine through an active transport system and, possibly, through diffusion when intakes are high. Manganese also plays a role in blood clotting and hemostasis in conjunction with vitamin K. ![]() Through the action of these enzymes, manganese is involved in amino acid, cholesterol, glucose, and carbohydrate metabolism reactive oxygen species scavenging bone formation reproduction and immune response. Manganese is a cofactor for many enzymes, including manganese superoxide dismutase, arginase, and pyruvate carboxylase. Manganese is an essential trace element that is naturally present in many foods and available as a dietary supplement. For a general overview, see our consumer fact sheet. This is a fact sheet intended for health professionals.
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